Top

24-04-2025 | Empirical Research

Developmental Trajectories of Parental Psychological Control and Supportive Parenting in Chinese Early Adolescents: Relations to Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

Auteurs: Jianhua Zhou, Xueting Zheng, Xue Gong

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Abstract

Previous research suggests that parenting may change with children’s age, yet few studies have explored the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of parental psychological control and supportive parenting during early adolescence, and their implications for adolescent adjustment. This study employed a longitudinal accelerated design, with 4731 Chinese students from two cohorts (Grades 4 and 5; 44.9% girls; M = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) assessed at four time points. Latent class growth modeling identified four trajectories of psychological control (increasing-decreasing, decreasing-increasing, high-stable, and low-stable) and three trajectories of supportive parenting (continually low, continually moderate, and continually high). Significant differences in internalizing and externalizing problems were found across the identified parenting trajectories. These findings underscore the importance of capturing heterogeneity in parenting patterns to better understand their developmental course and implications for adolescent mental health.

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Albert Sznitman, G., Antonietti, J. P., Van Petegem, S., Schwartz, S. J., Baudat, S., & Zimmermann, G. (2022). Trajectories of perceived parenting across an educational transition: Associations with psychosocial adjustment and identity development among Swiss adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 58(8), 1557–1573. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001367.CrossRefPubMed

Ambert, A. M. (2014). The effect of children on parents. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315786452.

Anderson, A. S., Siciliano, R. E., Henry, L. M., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Kuhn, T. M., Ebert, J., Vreeland, A. J., Ciriegio, A. E., Guthrie, C., & Compas, B. E. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences, parenting, and socioeconomic status: Associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 125, 105493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105493.CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (2024). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197695937.001.0001.

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181.CrossRef

Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A self‐determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x.CrossRefPubMed

Camara, M., Bacigalupe, G., & Padilla, P. (2017). The role of social support in adolescents: Are you helping me or stressing me out? International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.875480.CrossRef

Chao, R., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of asians. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 59–93). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers

Chen, Y., Cullen, E., Fivush, R., Wang, Q., & Reese, E. (2021). Mother, father, and I: A cross-cultural investigation of adolescents’ intergenerational narratives and well-being. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.011.CrossRef

Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., & Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.880018.CrossRefPubMed

Cummings, E. M., & Miller-Graff, L. E. (2015). Emotional security theory: An emerging theoretical model for youths’ psychological and physiological responses across multiple developmental contexts. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414561510.CrossRef

Cutrín, O., Maneiro, L., Chowdhury, Y., Kulis, S. S., Marsiglia, F. F., & Gómez Fraguela, J. A. (2022). Longitudinal associations between parental support and parental knowledge on behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(6), 1169–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01559-0.CrossRefPubMed

Desjardins, T., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2017). Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974.CrossRef

Duncan, S. C., & Duncan, T. E. (2012). Accelerated longitudinal designs. In B. Laursen, T. D. Little, & N. A. Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (pp. 31–45). The Guilford Press.

Fearon, R. P., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment theory: Progress and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.002.CrossRefPubMed

Feldman, R., Eidelman, A. I., & Rotenberg, N. (2004). Parenting stress, infant emotion regulation, maternal sensitivity, and the cognitive development of triplets: A model for parent and child influences in a unique ecology. Child Development, 75(6), 1774–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00816.x.CrossRefPubMed

Gong, X., Zhou, J., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2023). Longitudinal association and mediating mechanism between externalizing and internalizing problems among children: A within-person analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 53(4), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2158836.CrossRef

González, N., Ramos-Lira, L., Márquez-Caraveo, M. E., Casas-Muñoz, A., & Benjet, C. (2023). Parental psychological control and autonomy support and associations with child maltreatment and adolescents’ mental health problems. Journal of Family Violence, 38(8), 1509–1520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00454-x.CrossRef

Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Grolnick, W. S., Caruso, A. J., & Levitt, M. R. (2019). Parenting and children’s self-regulation. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: The practice of parenting (3rd ed., pp. 34–64). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429401695-2.

Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864.CrossRefPubMed

Hipp, J. R., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models. Psychological Methods, 11(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.36.CrossRefPubMed

Janssens, A., Goossens, L., Van Den Noortgate, W., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2015). Parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on parenting: Evaluating conceptual structure, measurement invariance, and criterion validity. Assessment, 22(4), 473–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114550477.CrossRefPubMed

Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental meta‐emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x.CrossRef

Keijsers, L., & Poulin, F. (2013). Developmental changes in parent–child communication throughout adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2301–2308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032217.CrossRefPubMed

Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., P. Oburu, C. Pastorelli, A. T. Skinner, E. Sorbring, L. Steinberg, S. Tapanya, L. M. Uribe Tirado, L. P. Alampay, S. M. Al-Hassan, D. Bacchini & Bornstein, M. H. (2021). International collaboration in the study of positive youth development. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development: Advancing research, policy, and practice in global contexts (pp. 285–298). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_19.

Little, R. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods & Research, 18(2–3), 292–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189018002004.CrossRef

Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Hu, Y. (2024). Heterogeneous trajectories of parental psychological aggression from middle childhood to early adolescence in China: Associations with child- and family-level predictors and Children’s developmental outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02115-2.

Luo, N., Van Heel, M., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2020). Perspectives of early adolescents, parents, and grandparents on parenting behaviors in China. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(8), 1244–1274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431620912476.CrossRef

Miyazaki, Y., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2000). Tests for linkage of multiple cohorts in an accelerated longitudinal design. Psychological Methods, 5(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.5.1.44.CrossRefPubMed

Moed, A. (2024). An emotion‐focused extension of coercion theory: Emerging evidence and conceptualizations for parental experienced emotion as a mechanism of reinforcement in coercive parent–child interactions. Child Development Perspectives, 18(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12497.CrossRef

Nunes, F., Mota, C. P., Ferreira, T., Schoon, I., & Matos, P. M. (2022). Parental meta-emotion, attachment to parents, and personal agency in adolescents. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(6), 964–974. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000947.CrossRefPubMed

Olivos, F. (2021). Motivation, legitimation, or both? Reciprocal effects of parental meritocratic beliefs and children’s educational performance in China. Social Psychology Quarterly, 84(2), 110–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272520984730.CrossRef

Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72(2), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00298.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pinquart, M. (2017a). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295.CrossRefPubMed

Pinquart, M. (2017b). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247761.CrossRef

Rogers, A. A., Padilla-Walker, L. M., McLean, R. D., & Hurst, J. L. (2020). Trajectories of perceived parental psychological control across adolescence and implications for the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01070-7.CrossRefPubMed

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806.

Scharf, M., & Goldner, L. (2018). “If you really love me, you will do/be…”: Parental psychological control and its implications for children’s adjustment. Developmental Review, 49, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.002.CrossRef

Schwartz, O. S., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Dudgeon, P., Yap, M. B., Sheeber, L. B., & Allen, N. B. (2014). Parenting during early adolescence and adolescent-onset major depression: A 6-year Prospective Longitudinal study. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613505531.CrossRef

Serbin, L. A., Kingdon, D., Ruttle, P. L., & Stack, D. M. (2015). The impact of children’s internalizing and externalizing problems on parenting: Transactional processes and reciprocal change over time. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4pt1), 969–986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000632.CrossRefPubMed

Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012.CrossRefPubMed

Soenens, B., Park, S.-Y., Vansteenkiste, M., & Mouratidis, A. (2012). Perceived parental psychological control and adolescent depressive experiences: A cross-cultural study with Belgian and South-Korean adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.05.001.CrossRefPubMed

Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2019). Parenting adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (3rd ed., pp. 111–167). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429440847-4.

Teuber, Z., Tang, X., Sielemann, L., Otterpohl, N., & Wild, E. (2022). Autonomy-related parenting profiles and their effects on adolescents’ academic and psychological development: A longitudinal person-oriented analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(7), 1333–1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01538-5.CrossRefPubMed

Van Heel, M., Bijttebier, P., Claes, S., Colpin, H., Goossens, L., Van Den Noortgate, W., Verschueren, K., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2019). Measuring parenting throughout adolescence: Measurement invariance across informants, mean level, and differential continuity. Assessment, 26(1), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116686827.CrossRefPubMed

Van Petegem, S., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Brenning, K., Mabbe, E., Vanhalst, J., & Zimmermann, G. (2017). Does general parenting context modify adolescents’ appraisals and coping with a situation of parental regulation? The case of autonomy-supportive parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2623–2639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0758-9.CrossRef

Wesarg-Menzel, C., Ebbes, R., Hensums, M., Wagemaker, E., Zaharieva, M. S., Staaks, J. P., van den Akker, A. L., Visser, I., Hoeve, M., Brummelman, E., Dekkers, T. J., Schuitema, J. A., Larsen, H., Colonnesi, C., Jansen, B. R. J., Overbeek, G., Huizenga, H. M., & Wiers, R. W. (2023). Development and socialization of self-regulation from infancy to adolescence: A meta-review differentiating between self-regulatory abilities, goals, and motivation. Developmental Review, 69, 101090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2023.101090.CrossRef

Wickrama, K., Lee, T. K., O’Neal, C. W., & Lorenz, F. (2016). Higher-order growth curves and mixture modeling with Mplus: A practical guide. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642741.

Zhao, X., Selman, R. L., & Haste, H. (2015). Academic stress in Chinese schools and a proposed preventive intervention program. Cogent Education, 2(1), 1000477. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2014.1000477.CrossRef

Zhou, H. Y., Liu, J. Y., & Deng, C. (2024). Trajectories of perceived parental psychological control and the longitudinal associations with Chinese adolescents’ school adjustment across high school years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(9), 2060–2079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01995-8.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Developmental Trajectories of Parental Psychological Control and Supportive Parenting in Chinese Early Adolescents: Relations to Internalizing and Externalizing Problems
Auteurs: Jianhua Zhou
Xueting Zheng
Xue Gong
Publicatiedatum: 24-04-2025
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02187-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Developmental Trajectories of Parental Psychological Control and Supportive Parenting in Chinese Early Adolescents: Relations to Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

Abstract

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen