Top

Gepubliceerd in:

07-02-2019 | Original Paper

Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Examining Their Distinctiveness Through Factor Analysis

Auteurs: Sofie Danneel, Patricia Bijttebier, Margot Bastin, Hilde Colpin, Wim Van den Noortgate, Karla Van Leeuwen, Karine Verschueren, Luc Goossens

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2019

Abstract

Objectives

Adolescents face multiple changes in their social environment, which makes them more vulnerable to developing internalizing problems with strong interpersonal components, such as feelings of loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Given the widespread tacit assumption that these internalizing problems represent distinct concepts, research on these internalizing problems has evolved relatively independently. However, this assumption of distinctiveness has not often been empirically tested, especially not in adolescence. In order to check whether it is valid to examine loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms independently, the current study empirically tested whether these internalizing problems reflect a single latent construct or whether they are better represented by three distinct latent constructs.

Methods

Three large samples of Flemish adolescents were used (i.e., N= 549, M_age = 14.82 in Sample 1; N= 1,116, M_age = 13.79, in Sample 2, and N= 1,423, M_age = 13.58 in Sample 3) in which adolescents filled out well-established and validated self-report questionnaires tapping into the three types of internalizing problems. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in each sample separately. Adolescents filled out well-established and validated self-report questionnaires.

Results

The results contribute to the literature on the co-occurrence of loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms by showing that these internalizing problems can be best represented as interrelated, but distinguishable constructs.

Conclusions

Based on our findings, examining loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms in separate research lines seems justified. Statistical techniques examining co-development over time for these internalizing problems can be used with confidence in future research.

vorige artikel The Extent and Correlates of Stressors Experienced by At-risk Youths in a Military-style Residential Program

volgende artikel The Role of Shame, Self-criticism and Early Emotional Memories in Adolescents’ Paranoid Ideation

Alfano, C. A., & Beidel, D. C. (2011). Social anxiety in adolescents and young adults: Translating developmental science into practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modeling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 815–824. 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018.CrossRef

Bastin M., Luyckx K., Raes F., Nelis S., & Bijttebier P. (2016). Co-rumination and depressive symptoms in adolescence: The intervening role of rumination. Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence. Baltimore, MD, USA, 31 March–2 April 2016.

Blossom, P., & Apsche, J. (2013). Effects of loneliness on human development. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7, 28–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100963.CrossRef

Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765–785. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006830.CrossRef

Bouma, J., Ranchor, A. V., Sanderman, R., & van Sonderen, E. (1995). Het meten van symptomen van depressie met de CES-D: Een handleiding [Measuring symptoms of depression with the CES-D: Manual]. Groningen, The Netherlands: Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 74–103). Hoboken, NJ: Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193

Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, B. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1054–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007.CrossRef

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14, 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834.CrossRef

Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837.CrossRefPubMed

Fung, K., Paterson, D., & Alden, L. E. (2017). Are social anxiety and loneliness best conceptualized as a unitary trait? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36, 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2017.36.4.335.CrossRef

Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130905.CrossRefPubMed

Gibb, B. E., Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2005). Differentiating symptoms of social anxiety and depression in adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btep.2004.08.002.CrossRefPubMed

Goossens, L. (Ed.). (2016). Leuvense Eenzaamheidsschaal voor Kinderen en Adolescenten: Handleiding [Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents: Manual]. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.

Gueldner, B. A., & Merrell, K. W. (2011). Interventions for students with internalizing behavioral deficits. In M. A. Bray & T. J. Kehle (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of school psychology (pp. 411–428). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Heinrich, L. A., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002.CrossRefPubMed

Hooge, J., Decaluwé, L., & Goossens, L. (2000). Identiteit en psychisch welbevinden [Identity and well-being]. In J. Hooge, H. De Witte, & L. Walgrave (Eds.), Jongeren in Vlaanderen: Gemeten en geteld. 12- tot 18-jarigen over hun leefwereld en toekomst (pp. 35–58). Leuven, Belgium: Universitaire Pers Leuven.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Hutcherson, S. T., & Epkins, C. C. (2009). Differentiating parent- and peer-related interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in preadolescent girls. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 875–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509345654.CrossRef

Janssens, A., Van den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Colpin, H., De Laet, S., Claes, S., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2015). Externalizing problem behavior in adolescence: Dopaminergic genes in interaction with peer acceptance and rejection. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1441–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0304-2.CrossRefPubMed

Junttila, N., Laakkonen, E., Niemi, P. M., & Ranta, K. (2010). Modeling the interrelations of adolescents´ loneliness, social anxiety and social phobia. Scientific Annals of the Psychological Society of Northern Greece, 8, 69–99.

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kovacs, M. (2003). Children’s Depression Inventory: Technical manual. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5.CrossRef

La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514.CrossRefPubMed

Lasgaard, M., Goossens, L., & Elklit, A. (2011). Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9442-x.CrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.CrossRef

Maes, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Goossens, L. (2015). A reliability generalization study for a multidimensional loneliness scale: The Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 31, 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000237.CrossRef

Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55, 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200611000-00009.CrossRefPubMed

Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffit, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness, and depression in young adulthood: A behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6.CrossRef

Muthén, B. (1984). A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49, 115–132.CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Nelemans, S. A., Meeus, W. H., Branje, S. J., Van Leeuwen, K., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2017). Social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A) short form: Longitudinal measurement invariance in two community samples of youth. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116685808.

Nelis, S., Bastin, M., Raes, F., Mezulis, A., & Bijttebier, P. (2016). Trait affectivity and response styles to positive affect: Negative affectivity related to dampening and positive affectivity relates to enhancing. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.087.CrossRef

Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01305-1.CrossRefPubMed

Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In S. Duck, R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder. (Vol. 3, pp. 31–56). London, UK: Academic Press.

Platt, B., Kadosh, K. C., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2013). The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22120.CrossRefPubMed

Poulin, C. C., Hand, D., & Boudreau, B. (2005). Validity of a 12-item version of the CES-D used in the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 26, 65–72.PubMed

Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Roberts, R. E., & Sobhan, M. (1992). Symptoms of depression in adolescence: A comparison of Anglo, African, and Hispanic Americans. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 639–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538736.CrossRefPubMed

Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472.CrossRefPubMed

Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Taylor, P. J. (2017). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale measures a continuum from well-being to depression: Testing two key predictions of positive clinical psychology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028931.CrossRefPubMed

Spithoven, A. W. M., Lodder, G. M. A., Goossens, L., Bijttebier, P., Bastin, M., Verhagen, M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017). Adolescents’ loneliness and depression associated with friendship experiences and well-being: A person-centered approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0478-2.CrossRefPubMed

Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Differentiating interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in adolescence: Implications for models of comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955854.CrossRef

Su, S., Pettit, G. S., & Erath, S. A. (2016). Peer relations, parental social coaching, and young adolescent social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 42, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2015.11.007.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Teppers, E., Klimstra, T. A., Van Damme, C., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., & Goossens, L. (2013). Personality traits, loneliness, and attitudes toward aloneness in adolescence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 1045–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513481445.CrossRef

Timbremont, B. & Braet, C. (2002). Handleiding children’s depression inventory [Children’s Depression Inventory: Manual]. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets Test Publishers.

Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.686740.CrossRef

Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R., Engels, R., & Goossens, L. (2013). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for loneliness in adolescence: Perceived – but not actual – social acceptance as an underlying mechanism. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9751-y.CrossRefPubMed

van Tuijl, L. A., de Jong, P. J., Sportel, B. E., de Hullu, E., & Nauta, M. H. (2014). Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A longitudinal study in adolescents. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btep.2013.09.007.CrossRefPubMed

Wang, W. T., Hsu, W. Y., Chiu, Y. C., & Liang, C. W. (2012). The hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression: The critical roles of fears of evaluation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

Wu, Q., Erbas, Y., Brose, A., Kuppens, P., & Janssen, R. (2016). The factor structure, predictors, and percentile norms of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in the Dutch-speaking adult population. Psychologica Belgica, 56, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.261.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Examining Their Distinctiveness Through Factor Analysis
Auteurs: Sofie Danneel
Patricia Bijttebier
Margot Bastin
Hilde Colpin
Wim Van den Noortgate
Karla Van Leeuwen
Karine Verschueren
Luc Goossens
Publicatiedatum: 07-02-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01354-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Exchange of Emotional Support Between Adult Children and their Parents and the Children’s Well-being

Original Paper

When One Sibling has Autism: Adjustment and Sibling Relationship

Original Paper

Patterns of Parental Interactions After Divorce and Individual Well-Being

Original Paper

The Extent and Correlates of Stressors Experienced by At-risk Youths in a Military-style Residential Program

Original Paper

Self-compassion and Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Cognitive Reactions to Daily Life Problems

Open Access
Original Paper

Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors among Ukrainian Children: The Role of Family Communication and Maternal Coping

Original Paper

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Examining Their Distinctiveness Through Factor Analysis

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Exchange of Emotional Support Between Adult Children and their Parents and the Children’s Well-being

When One Sibling has Autism: Adjustment and Sibling Relationship

Patterns of Parental Interactions After Divorce and Individual Well-Being

The Extent and Correlates of Stressors Experienced by At-risk Youths in a Military-style Residential Program

Self-compassion and Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Cognitive Reactions to Daily Life Problems

Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors among Ukrainian Children: The Role of Family Communication and Maternal Coping

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Exchange of Emotional Support Between Adult Children and their Parents and the Children’s Well-being

When One Sibling has Autism: Adjustment and Sibling Relationship

Patterns of Parental Interactions After Divorce and Individual Well-Being

The Extent and Correlates of Stressors Experienced by At-risk Youths in a Military-style Residential Program

Self-compassion and Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Cognitive Reactions to Daily Life Problems

Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors among Ukrainian Children: The Role of Family Communication and Maternal Coping