Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

22-04-2017

Modifying Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs about Controlling One’s Thoughts

Auteurs: Eileen P. Stech, Jessica R. Grisham

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 3/2017

Abstract

Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder propose that beliefs about the importance of and need to control thoughts (ICT) are central to the maintenance of the disorder. Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) can be used to experimentally test this theory and may also have clinical utility as an adjunct therapeutic tool. The current study extended previous research to investigate whether two CBM-I sessions (one within and one outside the laboratory) would augment effects on obsessive-compulsive beliefs and behavior. We randomly allocated undergraduate participants high in ICT beliefs to a Positive (n = 30) or Control (n = 36) CBM-I condition and conducted multi-modal assessments immediately following the first training and at one-week follow-up. As predicted, participants in the Positive condition reported a reduction in obsessive-compulsive beliefs from baseline to follow-up (partial η ² = .42), whereas those in the Control condition did not. Participants responded more adaptively to the ICT relevant stressor task at follow-up compared to post-intervention, but there was no significant difference between conditions. Likewise, participants reported a reduction in obsessive symptoms over time that did not differ between conditions. The findings are considered in light of cognitive models of OCD, and clinical implications are discussed.

vorige artikel Quality Vs. Quantity: Assessing Behavior Change over Time

volgende artikel Initial Psychometric Validation of the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Cognition Scale

The pattern of results remained the same when paid participants were included, so participants were combined in all analyses.

Following the suggestion of an anonymous reviewer, we conducted an exploratory moderator analysis post hoc to assess if the effect of condition on change in ICT beliefs differed according to visual imagery ability as measured by the VVIQ. There was no significant interaction of condition and VVIQ, b = .16, 95% CI [−.72, 1.03], t = .36, p = .72.

When the full OCI-R was analysed in the same way the pattern of results remained the same: there was a main effect of time, F(1, 60) = 16.19, p < .001, partial \( {\eta}^2 \)= .21, indicating that averaged across conditions an overall reduction in symptoms was reported from baseline (M = 21.11, SD = 11.70) to follow-up (M = 17.39, SD = 12.40). A significant interaction effect was not found for the full OCI-R, p = .71, partial \( {\eta}^2 \)= .002.

Abramowitz, J. S., & Deacon, B. J. (2006). Psychometric properties and construct validity of the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1016–1035. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001.CrossRefPubMed

Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Taylor, S., Deacon, B. J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2014). The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004.CrossRef

Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Romanian Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2, 89–104.

Abramowitz, J. S., Nelson, C. A., Rygwall, R., & Khandker, M. (2007). The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A longitudinal study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.003.CrossRefPubMed

Amir, N., Kuckertz, J. M., Najmi, S., & Conley, S. L. (2015). Preliminary evidence for the enhancement of self-conducted exposures for OCD using cognitive bias modification. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 424–440. doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9675-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Beadel, J. R., Smyth, F. L., & Teachman, B. A. (2014). Change processes during cognitive bias modification for obsessive compulsive beliefs. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 103–119. doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9576-6.CrossRef

Beard, C. (2011). Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: Current evidence and future directions. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 299–311. doi:10.1586/ern.10.194.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Black, M. J., & Grisham, J. R. (2016). Imagery versus verbal interpretive cognitive bias modification for compulsive checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 83, 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.009.CrossRefPubMed

Campos, A., & Pérez-Fabello, M. J. (2009). Psychometric quality of a revised version vividness of visual imagery questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108, 798–802. doi:10.2466/pms.108.3.798-802.CrossRefPubMed

Cella, D. F., & Perry, S. W. (1986). Reliability and concurrent validity of three visual-analogue mood scales. Psychological Reports, 59, 827–833. doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.827.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. A., & Purdon, C. (1993). New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions. Australian Psychologist, 28, 161–167. doi:10.1080/00050069308258896.CrossRef

Clarke, P. J. F., Nanthakumar, S., Notebaert, L., Holmes, E. A., Blackwell, S. E., & MacLeod, C. (2014). Simply imagining sunshine, lollipops and rainbows will not budge the bias: The role of ambiguity in interpretive bias modification. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 120–131. doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9564-x.CrossRefPubMed

Clerkin, E. M., Magee, J. C., & Parsons, E. M. (2014). Evaluating change in beliefs about the importance/control of thoughts as a mediator of CBM-I and responses to an ICT stressor. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 311–318. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.07.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Clerkin, E. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2011). Training interpretation biases among individuals with symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 337–343. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.01.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cougle, J. R., & Lee, H. J. (2014). Pathological and non-pathological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Revisiting basic assumptions of cognitive models. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.002.CrossRef

DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The obsessive-Complusive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14, 485–495. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.14.4.485.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

Heeren, A., Mogoase, C., Philippot, P., & McNally, R. J. (2015). Attention bias modification for social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 76–90. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001.CrossRefPubMed

Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657.CrossRefPubMed

Hertel, P. T., & Mathews, A. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: Past perspectives, current findings, and future applications. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 521–536. doi:10.1177/1745691611421205.CrossRefPubMed

Julien, D., O’Connor, K. P., & Aardema, F. (2007). Intrusive thoughts, obsessions, and appraisals in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 366–383. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.004.CrossRefPubMed

Koster, E. H. W., & Bernstein, A. (2015). Cognitive bias modification: Taking a step back to move forward? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 49, 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.006.CrossRefPubMed

Kreindler, D., Levitt, A., Woolridge, N., & Lumsden, C. J. (2003). Portable mood mapping: The validity and reliability of analog scale displays for mood assessment via hand-held computer. Psychiatry Research, 120, 165–177. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00196-3.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, T. J., Moulds, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2009). Reducing depressive intrusions via a computerized cognitive bias modification of appraisals task: Developing a cognitive vaccine. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.002.CrossRefPubMed

Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007). Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy? Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 173–187. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001.CrossRefPubMed

Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Keefe, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Nature and relation to non-cognitive behavioral therapy. Behavior Therapy. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.012.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C. (2012). Cognitive bias modification procedures in the management of mental disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 114–120. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834fda4a.CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C., Koster, E. H. W., & Fox, E. (2009). Whither cognitive bias modification research? Commentary on the special section articles. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 89–99. doi:10.1037/a0014878.CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (2012). Cognitive bias modification approaches to anxiety. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 189–217. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143052.CrossRefPubMed

Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 17–24. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x.CrossRefPubMed

Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000). Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 602–615. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.109.4.602.CrossRefPubMed

McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A., Sookman, D., et al. (2004). A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 283–313. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003.CrossRefPubMed

Menne-Lothmann, C., Viechtbauer, W., Höhn, P., Kasanova, Z., Haller, S. P., Drukker, M., et al. (2014). How to boost positive interpretations? A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation. PloS One, 9, 1–26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100925.CrossRef

Mobini, S., Mackintosh, B., Illingworth, J., Gega, L., Langdon, P., & Hoppitt, L. (2014). Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 272–279. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.12.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moulding, R., Coles, M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., Alcolado, G. M., Alonso, P., Belloch, A., et al. (2014). Part 2. They scare because we care: The relationship between obsessive intrusive thoughts and appraisals and control strategies across 15 cities. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 280–291. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.02.006.CrossRef

Myers, S. G., Fisher, P. L., & Wells, A. (2008). Belief domains of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) and their specific relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 475–484. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.012

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005). Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory - part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1527–1542. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010.CrossRef

Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., Cottraux, J., Powers, M. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 415–428. doi:10.1037/a0031865.CrossRefPubMed

Öst, L. G., Havnen, A., Hansen, B., & Kvale, G. (2015). Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive–compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993–2014. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 156–169. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.003.CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553.CrossRef

Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5.CrossRefPubMed

Rachman, S. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385–401. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10041-9.CrossRefPubMed

Rachman, S., & de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233–248. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(78)90022-0.CrossRefPubMed

Rosaalcazar, A., Sanchezmeca, J., Gomezconesa, A., & Marinmartinez, F. (2008). Psychological treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1310–1325. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.001.CrossRef

Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010). Validation of the “recognition task” used in the training of interpretation biases. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.006.CrossRefPubMed

Salemink, E., Wolters, L., & de Haan, E. (2015). Augmentation of treatment as usual with online cognitive bias modification of interpretation training in adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 49, 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.003.CrossRefPubMed

Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6.CrossRefPubMed

Salkovskis, P. M. (1989). Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 677–682. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90152-6.CrossRefPubMed

Taylor, S., Coles, M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., Wu, K. D., Olatunji, B. O., Timpano, K. R., et al. (2010). How are dysfunctional beliefs related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms? Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 165–176. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.24.3.165.CrossRef

Tolin, D. F., Woods, C. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2003). Relationship between obsessive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 657–669. doi:10.1023/A:1026351711837.CrossRef

Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., & Maltby, N. (2006). Are “obsessive” beliefs specific to OCD?: A comparison across anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 469–480. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

Torkan, H., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, E. A., Kalantari, M., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Maroufi, M., & Talebi, H. (2014). Positive imagery cognitive bias modification in treatment-seeking patients with major depression in Iran: A pilot study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 132–145. doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9598-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wilhelm, S., Berman, N. C., Keshaviah, A., Schwartz, R. A., & Steketee, G. (2015). Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: Role of maladaptive beliefs and schemas. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 65, 5–10. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.006.CrossRefPubMed

Williams, A. D., & Grisham, J. R. (2013). Cognitive bias modification (CBM) of obsessive compulsive beliefs. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 256–265. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-256.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15, 23–51. doi:10.1080/10705510701758166.CrossRef

Woody, S. R., Whittal, M. L., & McLean, P. D. (2011). Mechanisms of symptom reduction in treatment for obsessions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 653–664. doi:10.1037/a0024827.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Modifying Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs about Controlling One’s Thoughts
Auteurs: Eileen P. Stech
Jessica R. Grisham
Publicatiedatum: 22-04-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-017-9603-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Modifying Obsessive-Compulsive Beliefs about Controlling One’s Thoughts

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2017

Measuring Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Physiological Hyperarousal among Italian Youth: Translations of the PANAS-C and PH-C

Responses to Positive Affect in Daily Life: Positive Rumination and Dampening Moderate the Association Between Daily Events and Depressive Symptoms

Resilience to Interpersonal Trauma and Decreased Risk for Psychopathology in an Epidemiologic Sample

Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory - Short Version among Portuguese Youth

The Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF in Detecting Feigned Mental Disorders and Cognitive Deficits: a Meta-Analysis

Initial Psychometric Validation of the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Cognition Scale

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Measuring Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Physiological Hyperarousal among Italian Youth: Translations of the PANAS-C and PH-C

Responses to Positive Affect in Daily Life: Positive Rumination and Dampening Moderate the Association Between Daily Events and Depressive Symptoms

Resilience to Interpersonal Trauma and Decreased Risk for Psychopathology in an Epidemiologic Sample

Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory - Short Version among Portuguese Youth

The Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF in Detecting Feigned Mental Disorders and Cognitive Deficits: a Meta-Analysis

Initial Psychometric Validation of the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Cognition Scale