Top

Gepubliceerd in:

15-03-2021 | Original Article

The Automaticity of Positive and Negative Thinking: A Scoping Review of Mental Habits

Auteurs: Eamon Colvin, Benjamin Gardner, Patrick R. Labelle, Darcy Santor

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2021

Abstract

Background

Our thoughts impact our mental health and there is a distinction between thought content (what we think) and thought process (how we think). Habitual thinking has been proposed as one such process. Habits, which are cue-dependent automatic responses, have primarily been studied as behavioural responses.

Methods

The current scoping review investigated the extent to which the thinking patterns important for mental health have been conceptualized as habits. Using systematic search criteria and nine explicit inclusion criteria, this review identified 20 articles and 24 empirical studies examining various mental habits, such as negative self-thinking, self-criticism, and worry.

Results

All of the included empirical studies examined maladaptive (negative) mental habits and no study investigated adaptive (positive) mental habits. We categorized the characteristics of each study along several dimensions including how mental habits were defined, measured, and which constructs were studied as habitual.

Conclusions

Although mental habits appear to be relevant predictors of mental health, habitual thinking has not been well-integrated with psychological constructs related to mental health, such as automatic thoughts. We discuss the implications of mental habits for future research and clinical practice.

vorige artikel Emotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review

volgende artikel Emotion Regulation and Repetitive Negative Thinking Before and After CBT and SSRI Treatment of Internalizing Psychopathologies

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Arlington. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053CrossRef

Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616CrossRef

Armstrong, L., Wuthrich, V. M., Knight, A., & Joiner, R. (2014). Worry and depression in the old and young: Differences and mediating factors. Behaviour Change, 31(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.21CrossRef

Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. (1973). Habit-reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90119-8CrossRefPubMed

Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9(4), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.003CrossRef

Burns, D. D. (1980). Feeling good: the new mood therapy. Morrow.

Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2018). Self-stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 48, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.001CrossRef

Chan, K. K. S., & Mak, W. W. S. (2015). Attentional bias associated with habitual self-stigma in people with mental illness. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125545CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chan, K. K. S., & Mak, W. W. S. (2017). The content and process of self-stigma in people with mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000127CrossRefPubMed

Christou-Champi, S., Farrow, T. F. D., & Webb, T. L. (2015). Automatic control of negative emotions: Evidence that structured practice increases the efficiency of emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 29(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.901213CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Öst, L. G., Breitholtz, E., Koehler, K. A., Westling, B. E., & Gelder, M. (1997). Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 65(2), 203. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.2.203CrossRefPubMed

Cutuli, D. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: An overview on their modulatory effects and neural correlates. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00175CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dundas, I., Binder, P. E., Hansen, T. G. B., & Stige, S. H. (2017). Does a short self-compassion intervention for students increase healthy self-regulation? A randomized control trial. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(5), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12385CrossRefPubMed

Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192CrossRef

Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on psychological science, 8(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685CrossRefPubMed

Fisher, N. R., Mead, B. R., Lattimore, P., & Malinowski, P. (2017). Dispositional mindfulness and reward motivated eating: The role of emotion regulation and mental habit. Appetite, 118, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.019CrossRefPubMed

Fladung, A.-K., Baron, U., Gunst, I., & Kiefer, M. (2010). Cognitive reappraisal modulates performance following negative feedback in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1703–1710. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992170CrossRefPubMed

Gardner, B. (2012). Habit as automaticity, not frequency. European Health Psychologist, 14(2), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/e544772013-003CrossRef

Gardner, B. (2015). A review and analysis of the use of “habit” in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.876238CrossRefPubMed

Gardner, B., Abraham, C., Lally, P., & de Bruijn, G.-J. (2012). Towards parsimony in habit measurement: Testing the convergent and predictive validity of an automaticity subscale of the Self-Report Habit Index. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-102CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gardner, B., De Bruijn, G. J., & Lally, P. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of applications of the self-report habit index to nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9282-0CrossRefPubMed

Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.xCrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348CrossRefPubMed

Hertel, P. (2004). Memory for emotional and nonemotional events in depression: A question of habit? Memory and Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158564.003.0006CrossRef

Hertel, P. T., & Brozovich, F. (2010). Cognitive habits and memory distortions in anxiety and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410370137CrossRef

Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01178214CrossRef

James, K., Verplanken, B., & Rimes, K. A. (2015). Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030CrossRef

Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948CrossRefPubMed

Kang, Y., Gruber, J., & Gray, J. R. (2013). Mindfulness and de-automatization. Emotion Review, 5(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451629CrossRef

Munn, Z., Peters, M. D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC medical research methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504CrossRefPubMed

Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050CrossRefPubMed

Rebar, A. L., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health psychology review, 10(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505CrossRefPubMed

Sai, L., Wang, S., Ward, A., Ku, Y., & Sang, B. (2015). Individual differences in the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal predict the reward-related processing. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01256CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Steinglass, J. E., Glasofer, D. R., Walsh, E., Guzman, G., Peterson, C. B., Walsh, B. T., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2018). Targeting habits in anorexia nervosa: a proof-of-concept randomized trial. Psychological Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171800020XCrossRefPubMed

Thew, G., Gregory, J., Roberts, K., & Rimes, K. (2017a). Self-critical thinking and overgeneralization in depression and eating disorders: An experimental study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(5), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465817000327CrossRefPubMed

Thew, G., Gregory, J., Roberts, K., & Rimes, K. (2017b). The phenomenology of self-critical thinking in people with depression, eating disorders, and in healthy individuals. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(4), 751–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12137CrossRef

Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., & Hempel, S. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Annals of internal medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850CrossRefPubMed

Vago, D. R. (2014). Mapping modalities of self-awareness in mindfulness practice: a potential mechanism for clarifying habits of mind. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1307, 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12270CrossRefPubMed

van’t Riet, J., Sijtsema, S. J., Dagevos, H., & De Bruijn, G. J. (2011). The importance of habits in eating behaviour. An overview and recommendations for future research. Appetite, 57(3), 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.010CrossRefPubMed

Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Baeken, C., Van Schuerbeek, P., Luypaert, R., & Raedt, De. (2013). Inter-individual differences in the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression are associated with variations in prefrontal cognitive control for emotional information: An event related fMRI study. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.005CrossRefPubMed

Verplanken, B. (2006). Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 639–656. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X49122CrossRefPubMed

Verplanken, B. (2012). When bittersweet turns sour: Adverse effects of nostalgia on habitual worriers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1852CrossRef

Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014). Habitual worrying and benefits of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5, 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00325CrossRef

Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007). Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 526–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526CrossRefPubMed

Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.xCrossRef

Verplanken, B., & Tangelder, Y. (2011). No body is perfect: The significance of habitual negative thinking about appearance for body dissatisfaction, eating disorder propensity, self-esteem and snacking. Psychology and Health, 26(6), 685–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870441003763246CrossRefPubMed

Verplanken, B., & Velsvik, R. (2008). Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents. Body Image, 5(2), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.11.001CrossRefPubMed

Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and Unconstructive Repetitive Thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Watkins, E. R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035540CrossRefPubMed

Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843CrossRefPubMed

World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorder: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines.

Titel: The Automaticity of Positive and Negative Thinking: A Scoping Review of Mental Habits
Auteurs: Eamon Colvin
Benjamin Gardner
Patrick R. Labelle
Darcy Santor
Publicatiedatum: 15-03-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2021
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10218-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2021

Distress Intolerance Prospectively Predicts Traumatic Intrusions Following an Experimental Trauma in a Non-clinical Sample

Original Article

Attentional Control Moderates the Relations between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Symptoms

Original Article

Emotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review

Original Article

Reappraisal and Suppression Each Moderate the Association Between Stress and Suicidal Ideation: Preliminary Evidence From a Daily Diary Study

Original Article

The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts

Original Article

Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression

Original Article

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

The Automaticity of Positive and Negative Thinking: A Scoping Review of Mental Habits

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2021

Distress Intolerance Prospectively Predicts Traumatic Intrusions Following an Experimental Trauma in a Non-clinical Sample

Attentional Control Moderates the Relations between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Symptoms

Emotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review

Reappraisal and Suppression Each Moderate the Association Between Stress and Suicidal Ideation: Preliminary Evidence From a Daily Diary Study

The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts

Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Distress Intolerance Prospectively Predicts Traumatic Intrusions Following an Experimental Trauma in a Non-clinical Sample

Attentional Control Moderates the Relations between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Symptoms

Emotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review

Reappraisal and Suppression Each Moderate the Association Between Stress and Suicidal Ideation: Preliminary Evidence From a Daily Diary Study

The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts

Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression