There is evidence that anxiety is transmitted across generations. However, little is known about this issue in rural Chinese families and the factors that could buffer this transmission. Using cross-sectional data of 642 mother-child dyads in families with a migrating father and non-migrant families from Chinese rural areas, we examined the transmission of anxiety from mothers to adolescents and the protective roles of father-child attachment security and friend support in this association. Adolescents reported on their attachment security to fathers, friend support, and anxiety, and mothers self-reported on maternal anxiety. We used hierarchical regression analyses to evaluate the moderating roles of father-child attachment security and friend support in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety. The results provided evidence of the cross-generational transmission of anxiety in rural Chinese families and supported the hypothesis that the protective effects of father-child attachment security and friend support in the transmission of anxiety vary between the two types of families. Father-child attachment security buffered the transmission of anxiety from mothers to adolescents among non-migrant families, and friend support buffered this transmission among families with a migrating father. These findings broadened our understanding of the factors and processes that account for intergenerational continuity and discontinuity in anxiety in rural China.