Top

Gepubliceerd in:

16-01-2018 | Original Article

Visual and Verbal Depressive Cognition: Implications for the Rumination–Depression Relationship

Auteurs: Hannah R. Lawrence, Emily A. P. Haigh, Greg J. Siegle, Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2018

Abstract

The present studies evaluated whether experiencing depressive cognition as visual (i.e., in the form of visual mental imagery) or verbal (i.e., in the form of verbal thought) was differentially associated with the strength of the rumination–depression relationship. Visual mental imagery is consistently found to be more emotionally arousing than verbal thought. This may especially be the case when individuals dwell on their visual or verbal depressive cognition in the form of depressive rumination. In Study 1, 41.2% of participants reported a visual depressive cognitive style and 57.1% reported a verbal depressive cognitive style. For both males and females, rumination was associated with similarly severe depressive symptoms when individuals reported experiencing visual depressive cognitions compared with verbal depressive cognitions. Study 2 replicated and extended Study 1, taking into account that some individuals may experience depressive cognition both visually and verbally. 23.8% of participants reported a visual depressive cognitive style, 38.9% a verbal depressive cognitive style, and 37.3% a both visual and verbal depressive cognitive style. Rumination was significantly associated with depressive symptom severity for all depressive cognitive styles (visual, verbal, both), though depressive cognitive style significantly moderated the relationship between rumination and depressive symptom severity such that there was a stronger relationship for individuals who had a visual depressive cognitive style than a verbal depressive cognitive style, especially for females. Findings suggest that dwelling on depressed affect (i.e., rumination) may be more strongly related to depressive symptom severity when individuals tend to experience depressive cognitions as visual. Examination of depressive cognition as both visual and verbal is necessary to fully understand how individuals think about their depressed affect and may eventually inform tailoring of interventions based on visual/verbal styles of depressive cognition.

vorige artikel Eye-Tracking Based Attention Bias Modification (ET-ABM) Facilitates Disengagement from Negative Stimuli in Dysphoric Individuals

volgende artikel The Moderating Effects of Rumination Facets on the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Distress Reduction

Given evidence that there may be brooding and reflection subtypes of rumination (e.g., Burwell and Shirk 2007), all analyses were re-run using only the brooding or reflection subscales of the RRS. As patterns of findings using the rumination total score, brooding subscale score, and/or reflection subscale score were identical, only the results for the rumination total score are presented.

Given that Little’s test was marginally significant, follow-up analyses were conducted to compare participants who were missing at least one item with participants with complete data. On the RRS, participants who had missing data did not differ from participants who did not have missing data, t(124) = 0.46, p = 0.96; d = 0.26. On the CES-D, participants who had missing data also did not differ from participants who did not have missing data, t(125) = 0.33, p = 0.74; d = 0.13.

As in Study 1, all analyses were repeated with the brooding and reflection subscales of the RRS. All patterns of findings were analogous using the rumination total score, brooding subscale score, and reflection subscale score; thus, results using the rumination total score are presented.

Anderson, R. J., & Evans, G. L. (2015). Mental time travel in dysphoria: Differences in the content and subjective experience of past and future episodes. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 37, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.006.CrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: Meridian.

Behar, E., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2005). Thought and imaginal activity during worry and trauma recall. Behavior Therapy, 36, 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80064-4.CrossRef

Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. Oxford: Wiley

Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice.

Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90027-G.CrossRefPubMed

Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018790003416.CrossRef

Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3601_6.CrossRefPubMed

Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.CrossRef

Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192.CrossRef

Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Thibodeau, N., & Gagnon, F. (1992). Cognitive intrusions in a non-clinical population: II. Associations with depressive, anxious, and compulsive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(92)90072-O.CrossRefPubMed

Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014517718949.CrossRef

Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: An fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 20, 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.012.CrossRefPubMed

Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. (2017). Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.006.CrossRefPubMed

Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: Imagining suicide. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00954.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Heyes, S. B., Lau, J. F., & Holmes, E. A. (2013). Mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.02.004.CrossRef

Holmes, E. A., Crane, C., Fennell, M. V., & Williams, J. G. (2007). Imagery about suicide in depression—’Flash-forwards’? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Deeprose, C. (2009a). Mental imagery and emotion in treatment across disorders: Using the example of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070902980729.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). The causal effect of mental imagery on emotion assessed using picture-word cues. Emotion, 8, 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.395.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. M. (2009b). Developing interpretation bias modification as a ‘cognitive vaccine’ for depressed mood: Imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012590.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006). Positive interpretation training: Effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood. Behavior Therapy, 37, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002.CrossRefPubMed

Hyman, I. J., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.0006.CrossRef

Johnson, D. P., & Whisman, M. A. (2013). Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/35090055.CrossRefPubMed

Kosslyn, S. M., Margolis, J. A., Barrett, A. M., Goldknopf, E. J., & Daly, P. F. (1990). Age differences in imagery abilities. Child Development, 61, 995–1010. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130871.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x.CrossRefPubMed

Leigh, E., & Hirsch, C. R. (2011). Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mathews, A., Ridgeway, V., & Holmes, E. A. (2013). Feels like the real thing: Imagery is both more realistic and emotional than verbal thought. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.698252.CrossRefPubMed

McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007). The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy, 38, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

Moritz, S., Hörmann, C. C., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Jacob, G. A., Meyer, B., … Klein, J. P. (2014). Beyond words: Sensory properties of depressive thoughts. Cognition and Emotion, 28, 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.868342.CrossRefPubMed

Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., Palmieri, R., Bellelli, G., & Raes, F. (2015). Thinking back about a positive event: The impact of processing style on positive affect. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6.

Newby, J. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). A comparison of the content, themes, and features of intrusive memories and rumination in major depressive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02020.x.CrossRefPubMed

Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 371–382.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259.CrossRefPubMed

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford University Press.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504.CrossRefPubMed

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173–176.CrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). ‘Thanks for sharing that’: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.801.CrossRefPubMed

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115.CrossRefPubMed

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20–28.CrossRefPubMed

O’Craven, K. M., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290051137549.CrossRefPubMed

Patel, T., Brewin, C. R., Wheatley, J., Wells, A., Fisher, P., & Myers, S. (2007). Intrusive images and memories in major depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2573–2580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

Pearson, M., Brewin, C. R., Rhodes, J., & McCarron, G. (2008). Frequency and nature of rumination in chronic depression: A preliminary study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070801919224.CrossRef

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Rapee, R. M. (1993). The utilisation of working memory by worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90114-A.CrossRefPubMed

Richardson, J. E. (1995). Gender differences in the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: A meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Imagery, 19, 177–187.

Stöber, J. (2000). Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 725–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930050117693.CrossRef

Szőllősi, Á, Pajkossy, P., & Racsmány, M. (2015). Depressive symptoms are associated with the phenomenal characteristics of imagined positive and negative future events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 762–767. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3144.CrossRef

Thomas, J., Raynor, M., & Ribott, D. (2015). Depressive rumination and experiential avoidance: A task based exploration. Personality and Mental Health, 9, 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1276.CrossRefPubMed

Watkins, E., Moulds, M., & Mackintosh, B. (2005). Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008.CrossRefPubMed

Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.CrossRefPubMed

Werner-Seidler, A., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). Mood repair and processing mode in depression. Emotion, 12, 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025984.CrossRefPubMed

Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). An investigation of the cognitive and experiential features of intrusive memories in depression. Memory, 15, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701508369.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Visual and Verbal Depressive Cognition: Implications for the Rumination–Depression Relationship
Auteurs: Hannah R. Lawrence
Emily A. P. Haigh
Greg J. Siegle
Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette
Publicatiedatum: 16-01-2018
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2018
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9890-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2018

Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidality Among Firefighters: The Moderating Role of Distress Tolerance

Original Article

Observational Coding Training Methods for CBT Treatment Fidelity: A Systematic Review

Original Article

Positive Emotions and Social Anxiety: The Unique Role of Pride

Original Article

Facets of Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress: An Indirect Effect via Peritraumatic Dissociation

Original Article

The Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI): Validation and Psychometric Evaluation

Original Article

Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Anxiety Sensitivity on PTSD Symptoms: A Replication and Extension in Two Clinical Samples

Original Article

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Visual and Verbal Depressive Cognition: Implications for the Rumination–Depression Relationship

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2018

Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidality Among Firefighters: The Moderating Role of Distress Tolerance

Observational Coding Training Methods for CBT Treatment Fidelity: A Systematic Review

Positive Emotions and Social Anxiety: The Unique Role of Pride

Facets of Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress: An Indirect Effect via Peritraumatic Dissociation

The Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI): Validation and Psychometric Evaluation

Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Anxiety Sensitivity on PTSD Symptoms: A Replication and Extension in Two Clinical Samples

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij THIM Hogeschool voor Fysiotherapie & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidality Among Firefighters: The Moderating Role of Distress Tolerance

Observational Coding Training Methods for CBT Treatment Fidelity: A Systematic Review

Positive Emotions and Social Anxiety: The Unique Role of Pride

Facets of Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress: An Indirect Effect via Peritraumatic Dissociation

The Brief State Rumination Inventory (BSRI): Validation and Psychometric Evaluation

Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Anxiety Sensitivity on PTSD Symptoms: A Replication and Extension in Two Clinical Samples