Although well studied by a medical scholar like Kenneth D. Keele,
1 Leonardo da Vinci’s elaborate study of the heart is not generally known. This article focuses on two of Leonardo’s achievements concerning atherosclerosis and the sinuses of Valsalva.
2 The first is his post-mortem observation on the degeneration of the vascular system in an old man, an early case history. The second is his discovery of the haemodynamical function of the sinuses of Valsalva in the closure mechanism of the aortic valve. This discovery remained hidden for many centuries, to be confirmed by scientific research not earlier than 1969. His observations will be discussed by showing the evidence: the notes and drawings in Leonardo’s notebooks which he used to keep up as a diary of ideas. …