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Psychological Research
Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2025 | Research

The benefit of extrinsic motivation on effortful cognitive control is influenced by need for cognition

Auteurs: Qian Yang, Ruoke Xu, Lijie Zhang, Lei Qiao

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2025

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Abstract

Extrinsic motivation can foster effortful cognitive control. Moreover, the selective coupling of extrinsic motivation on low- versus high-control demands tasks would exert an additional impact. However, to what extent their influences are further modulated by the level of Need for Cognition (NFC) remains unclear. Thus, the current study sought to address this question. To this end, we conducted two behavioral experiments wherein cognitive control was triggered by the confound-minimized Stroop task and the NFC questionnaire was administered. Two different forms of extrinsic motivation were manipulated at the block level. In Experiment 1, extrinsic motivation was triggered by evaluative feedback. In Experiment 2, extrinsic motivation was triggered by reward incentives, while evaluative feedback was selectively coupled with low (congruent)- or high (incongruent)- control demands trials. The results indicated that two forms of extrinsic motivation (evaluative feedback vs. reward incentives) presented distinctive effects on effortful cognitive control; while their benefits on overall performance were further influenced by NFC. Interestingly, when incongruent rather than congruent trials were selectively coupled with reward incentives, not only conflict processing, but also overall performance for low-NFC participants only, benefited from this scenario. Taken together, the current study shows that extrinsic motivation can boost cognitive control, which gain was further reduced by high NFC.
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1
The cutoff of the current trial was determined by the performance of the previous trial: if the previous response was accurate and RT was smaller than the comparative cutoff, the cutoff for the current trial was updated using the formula: [RT(previous trial) + Cutoff(previous trial)]/2; if not, it stayed the same.
 
2
We also run the LMM by adding by-subjects random intercepts and slopes (full random effects structure), while the results showed singularity issues (see Supplementary Materials).
 
3
The initial constant cutoff and the comparative constant cutoff (which was used to determine whether the cutoff was updated or not) were smaller when the evaluative feedback was given after congruent trials (FB-C) compared to after incongruent trials (FB-I), considering that participants would have different performance levels between congruent and incongruent trials. The results showed that the mean proportion of negative feedback was higher for incongruent (64.1%) than congruent trials (54.6%). However, we do not think this is an issue as this difference between congruent and incongruent trials was comparable between FB-C (congruent: 54.8% vs. incongruent: 65.1%) and FB-I (congruent: 54.3% vs. incongruent: 63.1%) conditions. In other words, the different result patterns that may be found between the FB-C and FB-I conditions cannot be attributed to the difference of proportion of negative feedback.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
The benefit of extrinsic motivation on effortful cognitive control is influenced by need for cognition
Auteurs
Qian Yang
Ruoke Xu
Lijie Zhang
Lei Qiao
Publicatiedatum
01-02-2025
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2025
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-024-02074-0

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